Exploring the Principal Schools of Buddhism in India: Traditions, Teachings, and Influence

Abstract

Religious beliefs and values play a fundamental role in shaping human societies, fostering unity within communities while distinguishing different cultural and spiritual traditions. Among the world's major religions, Buddhism holds a significant place, particularly in Tibet, where it developed into distinct schools. Tibetan Buddhism is primarily divided into the Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Gelug, and Bon traditions, each with unique teachings and historical influences. The Nyingma school, the oldest form of Tibetan Buddhism, traces its origins to the 8th century when the Indian tantric master Padmasambhava introduced Vajrayana teachings to Tibet. The Kagyu tradition, established in the 11th century by Marpa, emphasizes meditation and the Mahamudra path. The Sakya school, founded around the same period by Khon Kunchog Gyalpo, is recognized for its systematic approach to spiritual practice through the "path and fruit" doctrine. The Gelug school, founded in the 14th century by Je Tsongkhapa, follows a structured monastic discipline influenced by the earlier Kadampa tradition. Additionally, the Bon tradition, which predates Buddhism in Tibet, represents the region’s indigenous spiritual practices. The Kadam school, established in the 11th century by Atisha and his disciple Dromtonpa, contributed significantly to Tibetan Buddhist scholarship. In the 19th century, the Rime movement emerged as a non-sectarian approach, promoting harmony among different Buddhist traditions. This study examines the origins, teachings, and historical significance of Tibetan Buddhist schools, highlighting their impact on spiritual and philosophical thought.